Metabolic Engineering 3. 37, 106126. Enzyme Microb. Cytoplasmic incompatibility facilitates the propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their persistence over time (McMeniman et al., 2009). In this case, proteins function as carriers for capsular polysaccharides, which induce T-cell dependent antibody responses and B-cell differentiation in plasma cells and long-term memory. Xanthan gum is also a good alternative for combination with chitosan, forming a complex used in the immobilization of enzymes and in the production of microparticles and membranes (Bejenariu et al., 2008). The patent for a genetically modified microorganism, requested by Ananda Chakrabarty, contributed to a revolution in biotechnology that resulted in the issuance of thousands of patents, the founding of hundreds of new companies, and the development of thousands of bioengineering and food plants (Holloway, 2014). Nucleic Acid Res. (2014). However, in a scenario where the cost of propylene increased because its availability decreased, especially in developing countries, glycerol became an important raw material for the production of various chemicals, which made its alternative synthesis by fermentation more attractive (Wang et al., 2001). (2016). doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1189331, Ploss, T. N., Reilman, E., Monteferrante, C. G., Denham, E. L., Piersma, S., Lingner, A., et al. Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). Res. However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.08.001, Tiquia, S. M., Wan, H. C., and Tam, N. F. Y. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. Water Res. The integrated processes for wastewater treatment based on the principle of microbial fuel cells: a review. Samples were found in different archeological sites dating to 20001200 BC (Samuel, 1996). Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). Adv. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70389-X, Knuf, M., Kowalzik, F., and Kieninger, D. (2011). Biol. Shock Waves 26, 2537. Biotechnol. J. Appl. B. Goldberg, and A. Filloux (Dordrecht: Springer), 289314. Cucumerinum. 10, 589602. J. Biol. Food. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. Technol. Curr. Rev. LV conceived this article, reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and created the figures. doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30472-4_4, Banik, R. M., Mayank Prakash, R., and Upadhyay, S. N. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.072, The IMpact-RSV Study Group (1998). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Technol. Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. Ther. Comparative effects of carrier proteins on the immunological response induced by the vaccine. Application to Medicine 3. 133, 458460. Bioresour. Biotechnol. Nat. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. J. Braz. 88, 4552. A large variety of microorganisms, including heterotrophic or autotrophic aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fecal coliforms, and thermophiles, as well as yeasts and other fungi, have been reported in solid waste composting processes (Beffa et al., 1996; Tiquia et al., 2002). Res. The application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors. General bacterial genetics. Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. (2003). Rama, R., Mougin, C., Boyer, F. D., Kollmann, A., Malosse, C., and Sigoillot, J. C. (1998). doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers. Quim. Food Agric. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. FDA (1982). Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. N. Engl. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. Compounds involved in stress tolerance in yeasts, such as proline and trehalose, are promising for the development of resistant strains (Takagi and Shima, 2015). Indian J. Exp. 96, 4767. Microbial enzymes have completely different situation motifs targeting heterogeneous substrates. Intell. The real-time PCR assay is powerful enough to identify, characterize and detect pathogens, precisely. Bioelectron. Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. J. Biotechnol. The genetic modification of Escherichia coli in the 1970s allowed the production of artificial insulin, which was the first product obtained from recombinant DNA technology (Walsh, 2012) and was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1982 (Johnson, 1983). 38, 13511363. Biosens. Proc. Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). 107, 111116. B Environ. Polym. Sequencing of surface protein genes of Borrelia species is also being used to identify strains within the species that may be more readily transmitted to humans or cause more severe disease. We call this new microbiology Technological Microbiology, and we believe that complex techniques, such as heterologous expression and metabolic engineering, can be increasingly incorporated into this applied science, allowing the generation of new and improved products and services. In the last decade, however, research related to the synthesis of microbial 1,3-PDO expanded considerably (Biebl et al., 1999) because this diol began to be used in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers and for obtaining solvents, films, adhesives, antifreezes, and polyesters. J. Pharm. (2016). Nanostructured bacterial materials for innovative medicines. Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. Likewise, PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) act through direct and indirect mechanisms to promote plant growth. Kayla was also advised to make a habit of examining herself for ticks after returning from outdoor activities, as prompt removal of a tick greatly reduces the chances of infection. This promotion of growth by endophytic action may be a consequence of nitrogen fixation, synthesis of phytohormones, biocontrol of phytopathogens through the synthesis of antibiotics or siderophores, competition for nutrients, and the induction of systemic disease resistance (Ahmad et al., 2016). J. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. These devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering (Svensson et al., 2005). A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in plant foraging within nutrient patches (Cheng et al., 2016) and facilitate the acquisition of phosphorus by the plant, through the expression of genes that code for inorganic transporters of this ion (Walder et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. 14, 153159. This represents an important complement to the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00155-6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128008, Chouari, R., Le, P. D., Daegelen, P., Ginestet, P., Weissenbach, J., and Sghir, A. Bioeng. BioControl 58, 715722. 19, 201223. Environ. (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. Microb. Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Overton, T. W. (2014). Environ. 151, 684691. Construction biotechnological plastics, in Construction Biotechnology, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology (Singapore: Springer), 5175. (A) Attenuated or live vaccines, which use attenuated pathogens. A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing. FIGURE 1. (2007). doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. (2011). In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). 128, 196202. Eng. (1952). Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. On the other hand, endophytic microorganisms colonize plant tissues without triggering any disease symptoms, establishing a stable long-term interaction with the host plant. Stable introduction of a Life-Shortening Wolbachia Infection into the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. These data have also allowed the discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products, or services. Chemical, toxicological, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Biosynthesis of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris LRELP-1 using kitchen waste as the sole substrate. 10, 150161. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576, Wu, S., Wu, W., Zhu, X., Liu, Z., Rebeca, C.-L., Fu, T., et al. Degr, R., Edwards, G., and Zhang, Z. The participation of the microorganisms in this case is indirect. Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. Inactivated vaccines are currently available for hepatitis A, rabies, cholera, influenza, poliomyelitis (Salk), typhoid fever, and pertussis. (2016). Int. It is also used as leather, textile and paper. Produo e caracterizao de polihidroxialcanoatos obtidos por fermentao da glicerina bruta residual do biodiesel. Acta 568, 200210. 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However, the future popularization of protein engineering techniques, especially site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), which allows the substitution, elimination or insertion of one or more amino acids in the sequence of a protein, is expected to enable the availability of less expensive biobetters, which are the main growing class of biopharmaceuticals (Courtois et al., 2016; Jozala et al., 2016). Future Med. 214, 184191. (2016). Biol. Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. (2016). Recombinant DNA technology 3. Lyme disease is often difficult to diagnose. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20140183, Franco, L. O., Maia, R. C. C., Porto, A. L. F., Messias, A. S., Fukushima, K., and Campostakaki, G. M. (2004). (2011). Rend. These vaccines are still under clinical testing, and microbiological research efforts have focused on HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and HPV. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. 168, 4151. J. Eng. Balc. MAbs 8, 99112. These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. Additionally, yeasts of the genus Pichia have been added to coffee fermentation to improve the quality and flavor of the beverage because they increase the production of the natural flavoring isoamyl acetate (Saerens and Swiegers, 2016). doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. S., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Horwitz, B. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. Microbial insecticides- an ecofriendly effective line of attack for insect pests management. doi: 10.1007/s12257-016-0342-y, King, W. J., MacDonald, N. E., Wells, G., Huang, J., Allen, U., Chan, F., et al. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people's health. Several transgenic species expressing Bt protein crystals, such as tomato, tobacco, and corn, have been cultivated worldwide because they have been successful in preventing the spread of caterpillars, especially Lepidoptera (Khan et al., 2016). Asian Pac. Med. Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. Biotechnol. Biotransformation of benzo[a] pyrene in bench scale reactor using laccase of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90194-5, Khaledi, N., and Taheri, P. (2016). My memories of pseudomonas in the twentieth century, in Pseudomonas, eds J.-L. Ramos, J. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. Med. Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. The study of proteomics is an extension of genomics that allows scientists to study the entire complement of proteins in an organism, called the proteome. Microbiol. Trichoderma asperellum is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae. Patelski, P., Berlowska, J., Dziugan, P., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Balcerek, M., Dziekonska, U., et al. Med. J. Genet. Changing feeding regimes to demonstrate flexible biogas production: effects on process performance, microbial community structure, and methanogenesis pathways. aeschynomene can induce symptoms of anthracnose in Aeschynomene virginica, thus controlling this legume, which is a rice and soybean weed. Technol. 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