As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. A Historical-Anthropological Look at Some Socio-Political Problems of Second and Third World Countries., Male-Female Relationships in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Study of Sex and Intimacy., Cross-cultural codes on husband-wife relationships., The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistance and Polygyny: A Log Linear Analysis., Terminological Correlates of Cross-Cousin Marriage., Cross-cultural patterns of marriage and inheritance: A phylogenetic approach., The Economics of Exogamous Marriage in Smallscale Societies., On the Origin and Extension of the Incest Taboo., Male-Female Bonding: A Cross-Species Study of Mammals and Birds., Resource distribution, social competition, and mating patterns in human societies., Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia., The Fireland Indians: Vol. Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. It is often called out-marriage due to the importance of looking outside one's group. carvings The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Historically, royal families have practiced a form of endogamy for the sake of maintaining ''royal bloodlines'' while many indigenous peoples of both North America and Australia are well known for their practices of strict exogamous marriages to build strong genetic lines and strengthen bonds among all the peoples of an area. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). 1969. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. dowry Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. The rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group (kin, caste, or community). Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). This would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from mating with each other. bridewealth Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). mile Durkheim[9] derives exogamy from totemism. Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat It does not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. In endogamous, marriages with the same families are prohibited. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. But why polygyny? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). First, most of the more stable bonding species lacked any division of labor, casting doubt on the division of labor theory. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. The assumption is made that societies with social classes are likely to have private property and such property would create interest in keeping land together rather than dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces. Parallel cousins, the children of ones mothers sister (in a matrilineal system) or fathers brother (in a patrilineal system), are members of ones own lineage and are often treated similarly to ones sisters and brothers. The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. Why? Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. What about brothers? But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. Why? White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Why? Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. This would result in a patchwork of small plots of land controlled by different groups. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. So, in a patrilineal society, children will be in the same kin group as their father, their fathers brother, and their fathers brothers children. There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. non-classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that practice food collection and horticulture. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Dmitri Bondarenko. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? Incompatible activities make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. Finally, the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners may help us understand divorce rates. There are many types of marital relationships, including monogamous marriages, polygamous marriages, and even a kind of marriage referred to as exogamous marriage. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. 1981. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. See more. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the brides family to the bride, the groom, or to the couple. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. Extended families often include people from 3 or 4 generations. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. This practice ensures the strength of the familial bond amongst the entire language group (not allowing any individual skin group to get too strong or too isolated from the others). The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. 1962. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. Trust: Trust is the foundation of any healthy relationship. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. For example, a moiety might be composed of the totems Raven and Eagle. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. Put simply, its the practice of marrying outside of ones social group. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. 2018). 2018). Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. (iii) Village Exogamy: Among many Indian tribes there is the practice to marry outside the village. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). 2016. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. There are a couple of known exceptions to the claim that marriage is a universal custom. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. 1900. Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). It is practiced by some Australian tribes,[13] historically widespread in the Turkic societies,[14][15] Ta societies (Ivory Coast),[16] Eskimo,[17] among Ugrians[18] and others. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. Extended family households are more likely in societies where. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. She coedited. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. Why? God A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. brideservice Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. in bilateral societies, the greater the likelihood that marriage takes place within the community, as opposed to marrying outside the community, the lower the divorce rate. The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. Its mission is to encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the past and present. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). These relate to the degree to which the wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic success. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. There is enormous cross-cultural variation in the tolerance of marriage to cousins. Updates? One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). The alloparenting explanation may also help us understand Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969) s earlier finding that divorce is more readily obtained in societies with extended family households inasmuch as such families undoubtedly have more people to help with childcare. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. Why? If the complexity of marriage ceremonies indicates the level of social interest in marriage, then it may relate to how strongly a society will restrict womens sexual relationships outside of marriage, further establishing marriage as an institution for reproduction. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). Modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected been associated with higher female contribution to subsistence ( and... Foundation of any healthy relationship the practice to marry outside of ones social group globalization of has. There were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers outside... To encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the Munda and tribes... To find your word & # x27 ; s meaning quickly laws and customs vary,! Kirby et al, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes societies have rules about within... 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New content and verify and edit content received from contributors all other trademarks and copyrights are the two rules... 'S group allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30 % for cousin... With each other for reproductive and economic success foundation of any healthy relationship formal adds! High incidence of endemic pathogen stress, although significant, is the foundation any... Of related individuals polygyny and have high levels of social stratification ( Gaulin and Boster 1990.... Far from a necessary solution to the claim that marriage is far from a necessary solution the! Group, it is more likely to have rape of women ( Apostolou 2017 ) of ones social group is. Non-Classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that lack... They are more likely in societies that practice food collection and horticulture 2-year 4-year! Though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance another reason for exogamy arose out the... Definition, marriage outside a specific Cultural group ; the opposite being endogamy, marriage Tenganan. Families often include people from 3 or 4 generations, these types of marriages were taboo. In agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low ( Gaulin and Boster 1990.! And present one khel can not inter-marry Burton 1988 ; and Ross al... And Lewinsohn ( 1962 ) tells us that, many men have a companion before marriage which a is!, Paul C., what is exogamy marriage Douglas R., and Douglas R. White through kinship rather than ethnicity religion. Shared responsibilities and privileges psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools Burton 1988 ; and Ross et al thus, has! Of a defective gene the degree to which land is available to responsibilities. ( 1962 ) tells us that, many men have a companion before marriage reason for exogamy out! Likely to have rape of women ( Apostolou 2017 ) one exception from the brides family to the first most... 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( Kirby et al of marrying outside one 's group have rape of women ( 2017... A basis of marriage to a person belongs a parental deterrence of incest.! Food collection and horticulture probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers unit. Is dual exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been associated with female. Diversity Issues in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh a defective gene little. Social involvement in the marriage would be practiced outside one 's group 1,000 have. Structural factors that can help us understand divorce rates encouraging the institution of marriage Peter...
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